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Maps of the Human Brain: The Evolution from Classic to Modern
Source: 1995;.
Author: Mazziotta JC, Toga AW, Evans A, Fox P, Lancaster J.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: The nervous system is fertile ground for map making. Ever since the earliest investigators of nervous system function, physical as well as theoretical depictions of brain function have been visualized using some form of mapping methods. If one focuses on the structural aspects of brain anatomy, an important difference between geographical maps of the earth and neuroanatomical maps of the brain is quickly realized. That is, that while there is one single unique physical reality to the geographical organization of the earth, neuroanatomy must represent a variable physical reality that differs from individual to individual. Thus, human brain map atlases of structure and function require a representation that accounts for variance between individuals. Further, neuroscientists have yet to agree definitively on a standard reference system and nomenclature to define brain location. In this chapter, we will explore the types of maps that can be produced of the nervous system and the opportunities as well as constraints that currently exist for their development and ultimate use. It should be realized, however, that the creation of formal digital and standardized approaches to mapping of the brain are less luxury and more of a requirement in the current neuroscientific era as the explosion in neuroscientific information demands an organized approach to communication between neuroscientists, that will increase both the efficiency and quality of data analysis. CONCLUSION: A wide range of brain mapping techniques currently exist for use in human subjects and animal models. Each has its own unique advantages and disadvantages and all vary on a continuum with regard to spatial and temporal resolution as well as sampling frequency and volume. Special issues with regard to the sites that these methods can access, their degree of invasiveness, requirement for anesthesia and repeatability all contribute to the selection of the appropriate approach for a given neurobiological situation. As has been stressed throughout this chapter, it is important to understand the limitations and constraints for each method so as to interpret the results appropriately and to use the resultant data to build reliable hypostheses that can be rigorously tested with further experimentation. The ideal brain mapping technique would have extremely high spatial and temporal resolution with the capacity to sample a large volume of the brain continuously. Its costs would be low as would its invasiveness, making it applicable in many settings, in humans as well as in animal models.
Source: 1995;.
Author: Mazziotta JC, Toga AW, Evans A, Fox P, Lancaster J.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: The nervous system is fertile ground for map making. Ever since the earliest investigators of nervous system function, physical as well as theoretical depictions of brain function have been visualized using some form of mapping methods. If one focuses on the structural aspects of brain anatomy, an important difference between geographical maps of the earth and neuroanatomical maps of the brain is quickly realized. That is, that while there is one single unique physical reality to the geographical organization of the earth, neuroanatomy must represent a variable physical reality that differs from individual to individual. Thus, human brain map atlases of structure and function require a representation that accounts for variance between individuals. Further, neuroscientists have yet to agree definitively on a standard reference system and nomenclature to define brain location. In this chapter, we will explore the types of maps that can be produced of the nervous system and the opportunities as well as constraints that currently exist for their development and ultimate use. It should be realized, however, that the creation of formal digital and standardized approaches to mapping of the brain are less luxury and more of a requirement in the current neuroscientific era as the explosion in neuroscientific information demands an organized approach to communication between neuroscientists, that will increase both the efficiency and quality of data analysis. CONCLUSION: A wide range of brain mapping techniques currently exist for use in human subjects and animal models. Each has its own unique advantages and disadvantages and all vary on a continuum with regard to spatial and temporal resolution as well as sampling frequency and volume. Special issues with regard to the sites that these methods can access, their degree of invasiveness, requirement for anesthesia and repeatability all contribute to the selection of the appropriate approach for a given neurobiological situation. As has been stressed throughout this chapter, it is important to understand the limitations and constraints for each method so as to interpret the results appropriately and to use the resultant data to build reliable hypostheses that can be rigorously tested with further experimentation. The ideal brain mapping technique would have extremely high spatial and temporal resolution with the capacity to sample a large volume of the brain continuously. Its costs would be low as would its invasiveness, making it applicable in many settings, in humans as well as in animal models.