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Automated labeling of the human brain: A preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method
Source: Hum Brain Mapp 1997;5(4):238-242.
Author: Lancaster JL, Rainey LH, Summerlin JL, Frietas CS, Fox PT, Evans AC, Toga AW, Mazziotta JC
Abstract:
ABSTRACT: A forward-transform method for retrieving brain labels from the 1988 Talairach Atlas using x-y-z coordinates is presented. A hierarchical volume-occupancy labeling scheme was created to simplify the organization of atlas labels using volume and subvolumetric components. Segmentation rules were developed to define boundaries that were not given explicitly in the atlas. The labeling scheme and segmentation rules guided the segmentation and labeling of 160 contiguous regions within the atlas. A unique three-dimensional (3D)database label server called the Talairach Daemon (http://ric.uthscsa.edu/projects) was developed for serving labels keyed to the Talairach coordinate system. Given an x-y-z Talairach coordinate, a corresponding hierarchial listing of labels is returned by the server. The accuracy and precision of the forward-transform labeling method is now under evaluation. Introduction: Standardized 3D coordinates based on the Talairach Atlas are used with increasing frequency for analyzing and reporting human neuroimaging research. Such coordinates provide precise, quantitative descriptions of locations within an atlas enabling direct and consistent access to its anatomical labels. There are two coordinate-based methods to retrieve brain labels from an atlas for a brain image. Both rely on spatial normalization to transform a brain image volume to conform with features of a brain atlas. In the forward-transform method, brain coordinates are used as indices to locations within a brain atlas to retrieve a corresponding label. For the inverse-transform method, volumes of interest are transformed from an atlas to conform to a brain image volume. METHODS: A volumetric image was synthesized from the Talairach Atlas with 1-mm3 voxels such that each voxel can be addressed using Talairach coordinates. Axial section images from the atlas were digitized using an Hewlett Packard ScanJet IIcx color scanner. Nearest-neighbor interpolation was used to provide data between the atlas sections. RESULTS: The volume-occupancy labeling scheme was used to guide the bounding of the Talairach Atlas for all level 1 structures as well as cerebrum structures for levels 2-5. 160 structures have now been incorporated into the Talairach labels database served by the Talairach Daemon. Level 4 is not fully labeled, but this work is underway. Segmentation and label designation for levels 2-5 for the cerebellum and brainstem are planned in the future.
Source: Hum Brain Mapp 1997;5(4):238-242.
Author: Lancaster JL, Rainey LH, Summerlin JL, Frietas CS, Fox PT, Evans AC, Toga AW, Mazziotta JC
Abstract:
ABSTRACT: A forward-transform method for retrieving brain labels from the 1988 Talairach Atlas using x-y-z coordinates is presented. A hierarchical volume-occupancy labeling scheme was created to simplify the organization of atlas labels using volume and subvolumetric components. Segmentation rules were developed to define boundaries that were not given explicitly in the atlas. The labeling scheme and segmentation rules guided the segmentation and labeling of 160 contiguous regions within the atlas. A unique three-dimensional (3D)database label server called the Talairach Daemon (http://ric.uthscsa.edu/projects) was developed for serving labels keyed to the Talairach coordinate system. Given an x-y-z Talairach coordinate, a corresponding hierarchial listing of labels is returned by the server. The accuracy and precision of the forward-transform labeling method is now under evaluation. Introduction: Standardized 3D coordinates based on the Talairach Atlas are used with increasing frequency for analyzing and reporting human neuroimaging research. Such coordinates provide precise, quantitative descriptions of locations within an atlas enabling direct and consistent access to its anatomical labels. There are two coordinate-based methods to retrieve brain labels from an atlas for a brain image. Both rely on spatial normalization to transform a brain image volume to conform with features of a brain atlas. In the forward-transform method, brain coordinates are used as indices to locations within a brain atlas to retrieve a corresponding label. For the inverse-transform method, volumes of interest are transformed from an atlas to conform to a brain image volume. METHODS: A volumetric image was synthesized from the Talairach Atlas with 1-mm3 voxels such that each voxel can be addressed using Talairach coordinates. Axial section images from the atlas were digitized using an Hewlett Packard ScanJet IIcx color scanner. Nearest-neighbor interpolation was used to provide data between the atlas sections. RESULTS: The volume-occupancy labeling scheme was used to guide the bounding of the Talairach Atlas for all level 1 structures as well as cerebrum structures for levels 2-5. 160 structures have now been incorporated into the Talairach labels database served by the Talairach Daemon. Level 4 is not fully labeled, but this work is underway. Segmentation and label designation for levels 2-5 for the cerebellum and brainstem are planned in the future.